Optional Subjects (Paper I and II)
Candidates may choose any optional subject from
amongst the list of optional subjects and their syllabus:
Anthropology [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
1.1 Meaning, scope and
development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other
disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical
Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of
Anthropology, their scope and relevance:
Social- cultural
Anthropology.
Biological Anthropology.
Archaeological
Anthropology.
Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence
of Man:
Biological and Cultural
factors in human evolution.
Theories of Organic
Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian).
Synthetic theory of evolution;
Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule,
Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and
mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates;
Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and
Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary
fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes;
Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status,
characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:
Social Sciences,
Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and
Humanities.
Homo erectus: Africa
(Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus
javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
Neanderthal Man-
La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
Rhodesian man.
Homo sapiens- Cromagnon,
Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of
life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene,
Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8 Principles
of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
Cultural Evolution- Broad
Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Chalcolithic
Copper-Bronze Age
Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of
Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization;
Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept
of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social groups; and Social
stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and
universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest
taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage).
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and
proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and
universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types
of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage,
residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and
feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity
and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral,
Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and
kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent,
Filiation and Complimentary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3. Economic
organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology;
Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production,
distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in
communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening,
pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous
economic systems.
4. Political organization and
Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of
power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple
societies.
5. Religion: Anthropological
approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and
functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals;
forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished;
magico- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and
witch).
6. Anthropological theories:
Classical evolutionism (Tylor,
Morgan and Frazer)
Historical particularism
(Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American)
Functionalism
(Malinowski); Structural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
Structuralism (L’evi –
Strauss and E. Leach)
Culture and personality
(Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora – du Bois).
Neo – evolutionism
(Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
Cultural materialism
(Harris)
Symbolic and interpretive
theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
Cognitive theories
(Tyler, Conklin)
Post- modernism in
anthropology
7. Culture, language and
communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and
non-verbal communication; social context of language use.
8. Research methods in
anthropology:
Fieldwork tradition in
anthropology
Distinction between
technique, method and methodology
Tools of data collection:
observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy,
life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory
methods.
Analysis, interpretation
and presentation of data.
9.1 Human Genetics – Methods and
Application: Methods for study of genetic principles in man-family study
(pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic
method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in
man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic
inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism
and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes
which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration, selection,
inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating,
genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal
aberrations in man, methodology.
Numerical and structural
aberrations (disorders).
Sex chromosomal
aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and
other syndromic disorders.
Autosomal aberrations –
Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
Genetic imprints in human
disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene
mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and racism, biological
basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial
criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological
basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in
man.
9.6 Age, sex and population
variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm,
blood enzymes.
Physiological characteristics-Hb
level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in
different cultural and socio-economic groups.
9.7 Concepts and methods of
Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations – Genetic and Non- genetic
factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert,
cold, high altitude climate.
9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology:
Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases. Nutritional
deficiency related diseases.
10. Concept of human growth and
development: stages of growth – pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood,
adolescence, maturity, senescence.
Factors affecting growth and
development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and
socio-economic.
Ageing and senescence. Theories
and observations – biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of menarche,
menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
differentials.
11.2 Demographic theories-
biological, social and cultural.
11.3 Biological and
socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and
mortality.
12. Applications of Anthropology:
Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of
defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of
personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics – Paternity
diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and
medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
Paper - II
1.1 Evolution of the Indian
Culture and Civilization- Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and
Neolithic – Chalcolithic).
Protohistoric (Indus
Civilization): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan
cultures.Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
1.2 Palaeo – anthropological
evidences from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin
(Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).
1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India:
The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting,
foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts
producing communities.
2. Demographic profile of India-
Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution.
Indian population – factors influencing its structure and growth.
3.1 The structure and nature of
traditional Indian social system- Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and
Rebirth.
3.2 Caste system in India-
structure and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of origin of caste
system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system,
Tribe- caste continuum.
3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-
Man- Spirit Complex.
3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism,
Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
4. Emergence and growth of anthropology
in India-Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century
scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and
caste studies.
5.1 Indian Village: Significance
of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and
changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations
in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious
minorities and their social, political and economic status.
5.3 Indigenous and exogenous
processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization,
Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions;
Panchayati raj and social change; Media and social change.
6.1 Tribal situation in India –
Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of
tribal populations and their distribution.
6.2 Problems of the tribal
Communities land alienation, poverty,
indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment,
underemployment, health and nutrition.
6.3 Developmental projects and
their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development
of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization and industrialization on
tribal populations.
7.1 Problems of exploitation and
deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.
7.2 Social change and
contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions,
development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.
7.3 The concept of ethnicity;
Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities;
Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social change among the
tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state - a
comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.
9.1 History of administration of
tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and
their implementation.
The concept of PTGs (Primitive
Tribal Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role
of N.G.O.s in tribal development.
9.2 Role of anthropology in
tribal and rural development.
9.3 Contributions of anthropology
to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political
movements.
Botany [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
1. Microbiology and Plant
Pathology:
Structure and
reproduction/multiplication of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and
mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and
in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis. Important
crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes;
Modes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease
resistance/defence; Physiology of parasitism and control measures; Fungal
toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.
2. Cryptogams:
Algae, fungi, lichens,
bryophytes, pteridophytes - structure and reproduction from evolutionary
viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and
economic importance.
3. Phanerogams:
Gymnosperms: Concept of
Progymnosperms; Classification and distribution of gymnosperms; Salient
features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure
and reproduction; General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and
Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques.
Angiosperms: Systematics,
anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.
Taxonomic hierarchy;
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxonomy and
chemotaxonomy; Evidence from anatomy, embryology and palynology.
Origin and evolution of
angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of
angiosperms; Study of angiospermic families – Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae,
Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types;
Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3
and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood anatomy.
Development of male and female gametophytes,
pollination, fertilization; Endosperm - its development and function; Patterns
of embryo development; Polyembroyony and apomixes; Applications of palynology;
Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.
4. Plant Resource Development: Domestication
and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s centres of
origin; Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible
oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes, latex,
cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in
Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.
5. Morphogenesis: Totipotency,
polarity, symmetry and dfferentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast
culture; Somatic hybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation
and its applications; Pollen haploids, embryo rescue methods and their
applications.
Paper - II
1. Cell Biology:
Techniques of cell biology;
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - structural and ultrastructural details;
Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-cell
adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of
cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes,
endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus,
nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and
cell receptors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of
cell cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their
significance; Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene
chromosomes; B-chromosomes – structure, behaviour and significance.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology
and Evolution:
Development of genetics; Gene
versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple
factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage
and crossing over; Methods of gene mapping, including molecular maps (idea of mapping
function); Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex determination and
molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular
basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of
male sterility).
Structure and synthesis of
nucleic acids and proteins;Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene
silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution – evidences, mechanism and
theories. Role of RNA in origin and evolution.
3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology
and Biostatistics:
Methods of plant breeding –
introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection,
bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use
of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering – methods of
transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use
of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques - probe, southern
blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH.
Standard deviation and
coefficient of variation (CV); Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and
chi-square test); Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson);
Correlation and regression.
4. Physiology and Biochemistry:
Water relations, mineral
nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosynthesis –
photochemical reactions; photophosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C3,
C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of phloem transport; Respiration (anerobic and
aerobic, including fermentation) – electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid
metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes;
Energy transfer and energy conservation; Importance of secondary metabolites;
Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome); Plant
movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth
substances – their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture;
Growth indices, growth movements; Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity,
metal); Fruit and seed physiology; Dormancy, storage and germination of seed;
Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and manipulation.
5. Ecology and Plant Geography:
Concept of ecosystem; Ecological
factors; Concepts and dynamics of community; Plant succession; Concept of
biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including
phytoremediation); Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act.
Forest types of India -
Ecological and economic importance of forests, afforestation, deforestation and
social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism, IUCN categories, Red Data Books;
Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention on
Biological Diversity; Farmers’ Rights and Intellectual Property Rights; Concept
of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles; Global warming and climatic
change; Invasive species; Environmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeographical
regions of India.
Commerce [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper – I
Accounting and Finance Accounting,
Taxation & Auditing
1. Financial Accounting:
Accounting as a Financial Information System; Impact of Behavioural Sciences.
Accounting Standards e.g., Accounting for Depreciation, Inventories, Research
and Development Costs, Long-term Construction Contracts, Revenue Recognition,
Fixed Assets, Contingencies, Foreign Exchange Transactions, Investments and
Government Grants, Cash Flow Statement, Earnings Per Share. Accounting for
Share Capital Transactions including Bonus Shares, Right Shares, Employees
Stock Option and Buy- Back of Securities. Preparation and Presentation of
Company Final Accounts. Amalgamation, Absorption and Reconstruction of
Companies.
2. Cost Accounting: Nature and
Functions of Cost Accounting. Installation of Cost Accounting System. Cost
Concepts related to Income Measurement, Profit Planning, Cost Control and
Decision Making. Methods of Costing: Job Costing, Process Costing, Activity
Based Costing. Volume cost Profit Relationship
as a tool of Profit Planning. Incremental Analysis/ Differential Costing as a
Tool of Pricing Decisions, Product Decisions, Make or Buy Decisions, Shut Down
Decisions etc. Techniques of Cost Control and Cost Reduction: Budgeting as a
Tool of Planning and Control. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis.
Responsibility Accounting and Divisional Performance Measurement.
3. Taxation: Income Tax:
Definitions; Basis of Charge; Incomes which do not form Part of Total Income.
Simple problems of Computation of Income (of Individuals only) under Various
Heads, i.e., Salaries, Income from House Property, Profits and Gains from
Business or Profession, Capital Gains, Income from other sources, Income of
other Persons included in Assesses Total Income . Set - Off and Carry Forward
of Loss. Deductions from Gross Total Income. Salient Features/Provisions
Related to VAT and Services Tax.
4. Auditing: Company Audit: Audit
related to Divisible Profits, Dividends, Special investigations, Tax audit.
Audit of Banking, Insurance, Non-Profit Organizations and Charitable
Societies/Trusts/Organizations.
Financial Management, Financial
Institutions and Markets
1. Financial Management: Finance
Function: Nature, Scope and Objectives of Financial Management: Risk and Return
Relationship. Tools of Financial Analysis: Ratio Analysis, Funds-Flow and
Cash-Flow Statement. Capital Budgeting Decisions: Process, Procedures and
Appraisal Methods. Risk and Uncertainty Analysis and Methods. Cost of capital:
Concept, Computation of Specific Costs and Weighted Average Cost of Capital. CAPM
as a Tool of Determining Cost of Equity Capital. Financing Decisions: Theories
of Capital Structure - Net Income (NI) Approach, Net Operating Income (NOI)
Approach, MM Approach and Traditional Approach. Designing of Capital structure:
Types of Leverages (Operating, Financial and Combined), EBIT- EPS Analysis, and
other Factors. Dividend Decisions and Valuation of Firm: Walters Model, MM
Thesis, Gordans Model Lintners Model. Factors Affecting Dividend Policy.
Working Capital Management: Planning of Working Capital. Determinants of
Working Capital. Components of Working Capital - Cash, Inventory and
Receivables. Corporate Restructuring with focus on Mergers and Acquisitions
(Financial aspects only)
2. Financial Markets and
Institutions: Indian Financial System: An Overview. Money Markets:
Participants, Structure and Instruments. Commercial Banks. Reforms in Banking
sector. Monetary and Credit Policy of RBI. RBI as a Regulator. Capital Market:
Primary and Secondary Market. Financial Market Instruments and Innovative Debt
Instruments; SEBI as a Regulator. Financial Services: Mutual Funds, Venture
Capital, Credit Rating Agencies, Insurance and IRDA.
Paper - II
Organisation Theory and Behaviour,
Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations
1. Organisation Theory: Nature
and Concept of Organisation; External Environment of Organizations -
Technological, Social, Political, Economical and Legal; Organizational Goals -
Primary and Secondary goals, Single and Multiple Goals; Management by
Objectives. Evolution of Organisation Theory: Classical, Neo-classical and
Systems Approach. Modern Concepts of Organisation Theory: Organisational
Design, Organisational Structure and Organisational Culture. Organisational
Design Basic
Challenges; Differentiation and Integration Process; Centralization and
Decentralization Process; Standardization / Formalization and Mutual
Adjustment. Coordinating Formal and Informal Organizations. Mechanistic and
Organic Structures. Designing Organizational structures Authority and Control; Line and
Staff Functions, Specialization and Coordination. Types of Organization
Structure Functional. Matrix Structure, Project Structure. Nature and Basis of
Power , Sources of Power, Power Structure and Politics. Impact of Information
Technology on Organizational Design and Structure. Managing Organizational
Culture.
2. Organisation Behaviour:
Meaning and Concept; Individual in organizations: Personality, Theories, and
Determinants; Perception - Meaning and Process. Motivation: Concepts, Theories
and Applications. Leadership-Theories and Styles. Quality of Work Life (QWL):
Meaning and its impact on Performance, Ways of its Enhancement. Quality Circles
(QC) Meaning and their Importance. Management of Conflicts in Organizations. Transactional
Analysis, Organizational Effectiveness, Management of Change.
Human Resources Management and
Industrial Relations
1. Human Resources Management
(HRM): Meaning, Nature and Scope of HRM, Human Resource Planning, Job Analysis,
Job Description, Job Specification, Recruitment Process, Selection Process,
Orientation and Placement, Training and Development Process, Performance
Appraisal and 360 Feed Back, Salary and Wage Administration, Job Evaluation,
Employee Welfare, Promotions, Transfers and Separations.
2. Industrial Relations (IR):
Meaning, Nature, Importance and Scope of IR, Formation of Trade Unions, Trade
Union Legislation, Trade Union Movement in India. Recognition of Trade Unions,
Problems of Trade Unions in India. Impact of Liberalization on Trade Union
Movement. Nature of Industrial Disputes : Strikes and Lockouts , Causes of
Disputes, Prevention and Settlement of Disputes. Workers Participation in
Management: Philosophy, Rationale, Present Day Status and Future Prospects.
Adjudication and Collective Bargaining. Industrial Relations in Public
Enterprises, Absenteeism and Labour Turnover in Indian Industries and their
Causes and Remedies. ILO and its Functions.
Economics [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
1. Advanced Micro
Economics:
(a) Marshallian and Walrasiam
Approaches to Price determination.
(b) Alternative Distribution Theories: Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleeki
(c) Markets Structure: Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.
(d) Modern Welfare Criteria: Pareto Hicks & Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, A.K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function.
(b) Alternative Distribution Theories: Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleeki
(c) Markets Structure: Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.
(d) Modern Welfare Criteria: Pareto Hicks & Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, A.K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function.
2. Advanced Macro
Economics: Approaches to Employment Income and Interest Rate
determination: Classical, Keynes (IS-LM) curve, Neo classical
synthesis and New classical, Theories of Interest Rate determination and
Interest Rate Structure.
3. Money - Banking and
Finance:
(a) Demand for and Supply of
Money: Money Multiplier Quantity Theory of Money (Fisher, Pique and Friedman)
and Keyne’s Theory on Demand for Money, Goals and Instruments of Monetary
Management in Closed and Open Economies. Relation between the Central Bank and
the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
(b) Public Finance and its Role
in Market Economy: In stabilization of supply, allocation of resources and in
distribution and development. Sources of Govt. revenue, forms of Taxes and
Subsidies, their incidence and effects. Limits to taxation, loans, crowding-out
effects and limits to borrowings. Public Expenditure and its effects.
4. International Economics:
(a) Old and New Theories of
International Trade
(i) Comparative Advantage
(ii) Terms of Trade and
Offer Curve.
(iii) Product Cycle and
Strategic Trade Theories.
(iv) Trade as an engine
of growth and theories of under development in an open economy.
(b) Forms of Protection: Tariff
and quota.
(c) Balance of Payments
Adjustments: Alternative Approaches.
(i) Price versus income,
income adjustments under fixed exchange rates,
(ii) Theories of Policy
Mix
(iii) Exchange rate
adjustments under capital mobility
(iv) Floating Rates and
their Implications for Developing Countries: Currency Boards.
(v) Trade Policy and
Developing Countries.
(vi) BOP, adjustments and
Policy Coordination in open economy macro-model.
(vii) Speculative attacks
(viii) Trade Blocks and
Monetary Unions.
(ix) WTO: TRIMS, TRIPS,
Domestic Measures, Different Rounds of WTO talks.
5. Growth and Development:
(a) Theories of growth:
(i) Harrod’s model,
(ii) Lewis model of
development with surplus labour
(iii) Balanced and
Unbalanced growth,
(iv) Human Capital and
Economic Growth.
(v) Research and
Development and Economic Growth
(b) Process of Economic
Development of Less developed countries: Myrdal and Kuzments on economic
development and structural change: Role of Agriculture in Economic
Development of less developed countries.
(c) Economic development and
International Trade and Investment, Role of Multinationals.
(d) Planning and Economic
Development: changing role of Markets and Planning, Private- Public Partnership
(e) Welfare indicators and
measures of growth – Human Development Indices. The basic needs approach.
(f) Development and Environmental
Sustainability – Renewable and Non Renewable Resources, Environmental
Degradation, Intergenerational equity development.
Paper – II
1. Indian Economy in Pre-Independence
Era: Land System and its changes, Commercialization of
agriculture, Drain theory, Laissez faire theory and critique. Manufacture and
Transport: Jute, Cotton, Railways, Money and Credit.
2. Indian Economy after Independence:
A: The Pre Liberalization Era:
(i) Contribution of
Vakil, Gadgil and V.K.R.V. Rao.
(ii) Agriculture: Land
Reforms and land tenure system, Green Revolution and capital formation in
agriculture,
(iii) Industry Trends in composition
and growth, Role of public and private sector, Small scale and cottage
industries.
(iv) National and Per
capita income: patterns, trends, aggregate and Sectoral composition and changes
their in.
(v) Broad factors
determining National Income and distribution, Measures of poverty, Trends in
poverty and inequality.
B: The Post Liberalization Era:
(i) New Economic Reform
and Agriculture: Agriculture and WTO, Food processing, Subsidies, Agricultural
prices and public distribution system, Impact of public expenditure on
agricultural growth.
(ii) New Economic Policy
and Industry: Strategy of industrialization, Privatization, Disinvestments,
Role of foreign direct investment and multinationals.
(iii) New Economic Policy
and Trade: Intellectual property rights: Implications of TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS and
new EXIM policy.
(iv) New Exchange Rate
Regime: Partial and full convertibility, Capital account convertibility.
(v) New Economic Policy
and Public Finance: Fiscal Responsibility Act, Twelfth Finance Commission and
Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Consolidation.
(vi) New Economic Policy
and Monetary system. Role of RBI under the new regime.
(vii) Planning: From
central Planning to indicative planning, Relation between planning and markets
for growth and decentralized planning: 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments.
(viii) New Economic
Policy and Employment: Employment and poverty, Rural wages, Employment
Generation, Poverty alleviation schemes, New Rural, Employment Guarantee
Scheme.
History [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
1. Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration,
excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments Literary sources: Indigenous:
Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature,
literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign accounts:
Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history: Geographical factors;
hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture
(neolithic and chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent,
characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures
outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of
agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.
5. Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in
India. Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from
Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and
economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna
system.
6. Period of Mahajanapadas: Formation of States
(Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes;
Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise
of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire: Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta,
Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity,
Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts;
Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.Disintegration of the empire; Sungas
and Kanvas.
8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas,
Western Kshatrapas): Contact with outside world;
growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana,
social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.
9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and
South India: Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil
States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage,
trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and
culture; Art and architecture.
10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas: Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the
Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste
system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda,
Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and
architecture.
11. Regional States during Gupta Era: The Kadambas, Pallavas,
Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature;
growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya;
Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas,
Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab
conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas,
Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Government; Growth of art and
architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas,
education and literature, economy and society.
12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major
stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers
and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.
13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200: Polity: Major political
developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of
Rajputs; The Cholas: administration, village economy and
society; “Indian Feudalism”; Agrarian economy and urban
settlements; Trade and commerce; Society: the status of the Brahman
and the new social order; Condition of women; Indian science and
technology.
14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200: Philosophy: Skankaracharya
and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and
Brahma-Mimansa; Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional
cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism; Literature:
Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly
developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India; Art and
Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting.
15. The Thirteenth Century: Establishment of the Delhi
Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian
success; Economic, social and cultural consequences; Foundation of
Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans; Consolidation: The rule of
Iltutmish and Balban.
16. The Fourteenth Century: “The Khalji
Revolution”; Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion,
agrarian and economic measures; Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian
measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq; Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian
measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the
Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account.
17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Centuries: Society: composition of rural society, ruling
classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the
Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement; Culture: Persian literature,
literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the
languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms,
painting, evolution of a composite culture; Economy: Agricultural
production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and
commerce.
18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century: Political Developments and
Economy: Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin),
Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids; The Vijayanagra Empire; Lodis; Mughal
Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun; The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s
administration; Portuguese Colonial enterprise; Bhakti and Sufi
Movements.
19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century - Society and
Culture: Regional cultural specificities; Literary
traditions; Provincial architecture; Society, culture, literature and
the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
20. Akbar: Conquests and consolidation of the
Empire; Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems; Rajput
policy; Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul
and religious policy; Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century: Major administrative policies of
Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb; The Empire and the
Zamindars; Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and
Aurangzeb; Nature of the Mughal State; Late Seventeenth century
crisis and the revolts; The Ahom Kingdom; Shivaji and the early
Maratha Kingdom.
22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries: Population, agricultural production, craft
production; Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies:
a trade revolution; Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and
credit systems; Condition of peasants, condition of women; Evolution
of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.
23. Culture in the Mughal Empire: Persian histories and other
literature; Hindi and other religious literature; Mughal
architecture; Mughal painting; Provincial architecture and
painting; Classical music; Science and technology.
24. The Eighteenth Century: Factors for the decline of the
Mughal Empire; The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal,
Awadh; Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas; The Maratha fiscal and
financial system; Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:
1761; State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British
conquest
Paper – II
1. European Penetration into India: The Early European
Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French
East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal
-The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the
English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2. British Expansion in India: Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar;
Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj: The early administrative
structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The
Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and
the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and
India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule: Land revenue settlements in
British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari
Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue; arrangements;
Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers;
Impoverishment of the rural society; Dislocation of traditional trade and
commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth;
Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including
telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior;
European business enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments: The state of indigenous
education, its dislocation; Orientalist - Anglicist controversy, The
introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and
public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science;
Christian missionary activities in India.
6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and
Other Areas: Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo
Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal
Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including
Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The
contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule: Peasant movements and
tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783),
the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the
Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the
Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character,
causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant
uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and
1930s.
8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism;
Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The
Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and
objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress
leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905);
The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi
Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism;
Gandhi’s popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the
Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation
movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of
the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round
Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and
Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics
(1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps
Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India
between 1858 and 1935
11. Other strands in the National Movement The
Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency,
Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas
Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other
left parties.
12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu
Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power;
Independence.
13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru’s Foreign Policy;
India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States
(1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely
States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward castes and tribes
in postcolonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.
15. Economic development and political change; Land
reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and
environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas: Major ideas of
Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau; Spread of Enlightenment in the
colonies; Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian
Socialism.
17. Origins of Modern Politics: European States
System; American Revolution and the Constitution; French revolution
and aftermath, 1789- 1815; American Civil War with reference to Abraham
Lincoln and the abolition of slavery; British Democratic Politics, 1815-
1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
18. Industrialization: English Industrial Revolution:
Causes and Impact on Society; Industrialization in other countries: USA,
Germany, Russia, Japan; Industrialization and Globalization.
19. Nation-State System: Rise of Nationalism in 19th
century; Nationalism: state-building in Germany and
Italy; Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of
nationalities across the world.
20. Imperialism and Colonialism: South and South-East
Asia; Latin America and South Africa; Australia; Imperialism and
free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.
21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution: 19th Century European
revolutions, The Russian Revolution of 1917- 1921, Fascist
Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany; The Chinese Revolution of 1949.
22. World Wars: 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal
implications; World War I: Causes and consequences; World War II:
Causes and consequence.
23. The World after World War II: Emergence of two power
blocs; Emergence of Third World and non-alignment; UNO and the global
disputes.
24. Liberation from Colonial Rule: Latin America-Bolivar; Arab
World-Egypt; Africa-Apartheid to Democracy; South-East Asia-Vietnam.
25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment: Factors constraining development:
Latin America, Africa.
26. Unification of Europe: Post War Foundations: NATO and
European Community; Consolidation and Expansion of European
Community; European Union.
27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar
World: Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the
Soviet Union, 1985-1991; Political Changes in Eastern Europe
1989-2001; End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone
superpower.
Geography [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper-II
Principles of Geography Physical Geography:
1. Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform
development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the
earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s
interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent
views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of
geomorphic cycles and Landscape development; Denudation chronology; Channel
morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development; Applied Geomorphology:
Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.
2. Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of
the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric
stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams;
Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and
distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s
and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global
climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied
climatology and Urban climate.
3. Oceanography: Bottom topography of the
Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans;
Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine
resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sea
level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.
4. Biogeography: Genesis of soils; Classification
and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degradation and
conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals;
Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry;
agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.
5. Environmental Geography: Principle of ecology; Human
ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and
regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and
conservation; Environmental degradation, management and conservation;
Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy;
Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and
legislation.
Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in
Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and
dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and
locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches;
Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human
development index.
2. Economic Geography: World economic development:
measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy
crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural
regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems;
Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries:
locational patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and
Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic
attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and
policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural
settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of
primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of
urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies
of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of
regions and methods of regionalisation; Growth centres and growth poles;
Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in
regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
5. Models, Theories and Laws
in Human Geography: Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and
demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and
Losch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location;
Weber’s model of industrial location; Ostov’s model of stages of growth.
Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Paper – II
Geography of India
1. Physical Setting: Space relationship of India
with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and
watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall
patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts;
Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their distributions.
2. Resources: Land, surface and ground
water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Forest and wild life
resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.
3. Agriculture: Infrastructure, irrigation,
seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors: land holdings, land tenure
and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural
intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social forestry; Green
revolution and its socioeconomic and ecological implications; Significance of
dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; aqua - culture;
sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalisation;
agro-climatic
zones; agro- ecological regions.
4. Industry: Evolution of industries;
Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium,
fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and
agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector
undertakings; Industrial regionalization; New industrial policies;
Multinationals and liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including
eco -tourism.
5. Transport, Communication and
Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their
complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on
national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing
zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their
impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.
6. Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian
Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major
tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution
and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure,
literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration
(inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems;
Population problems and policies; Health indicators.
7. Settlements: Types, patterns and
morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian
cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and
metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems; town
planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.
8. Regional Development and
Planning: Experience of
regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development
programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning; Command area
development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought
prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; Regional
planning and development of island territories.
9. Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian
federalism; State reorganization; Emergence of new states; Regional
consciousness and inter state issues; international boundary of India and
related issues; Cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs;
Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.
10. Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental
hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics;
Issues relating to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land
use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental
management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation;
Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and
industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept
of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of
rivers; Globalization and Indian economy.
NOTE: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map
question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
Political Science [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper– I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
1. Political Theory: meaning and
approaches.
2. Theories of the State:
Liberal, Neoliberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist.
3. Justice: Conceptions of
justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of justice and its
communitarian critiques.
4. Equality: Social, political
and economic; relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
5. Rights: Meaning and theories;
different kinds of rights; concept of Human Rights.
6. Democracy: Classical and
contemporary theories; different models of democracy – representative, participatory
and deliberative.
7. Concept of power, hegemony,
ideology and legitimacy.
8. Political Ideologies:
Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
9. Indian Political Thought:
Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist traditions; Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri
Aurobindo, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, M.N. Roy.
10. Western Political Thought:
Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill, Marx, Gramsci,
Hannah Arendt.
Indian Government and Politics:
1. Indian Nationalism:
(a) Political Strategies of
India’s Freedom Struggle: Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha,
Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and revolutionary movements,
Peasant and workers’ movements.
(b) Perspectives on Indian
National Movement: Liberal, Socialist and Marxist; Radical humanist and Dalit.
2. Making of the Indian
Constitution: Legacies of the British rule; different social and political
perspectives.
3. Salient Features of the Indian
Constitution: The Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles;
Parliamentary System and Amendment Procedures; Judicial Review and Basic
Structure doctrine.
4. (a) Principal Organs of the
Union Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive,
Legislature and Supreme Court.
(b) Principal Organs of the State
Government: Envisaged role and actual working of the Executive, Legislature and
High Courts.
5. Grassroots Democracy:
Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government; significance of 73rd and 74th
Amendments; Grassroot movements.
6. Statutory Institutions/Commissions:
Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Finance Commission, Union
Public Service Commission, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women; National Human
Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Backward
Classes Commission.
7. Federalism: Constitutional
provisions; changing nature of centre-state relations; integrationist
tendencies and regional aspirations; inter-state disputes.
8. Planning and Economic
Development: Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives; role of planning and public
sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations; liberalilzation
and economic reforms.
9. Caste, Religion and Ethnicity
in Indian Politics.
10. Party System: National and
regional political parties, ideological and social bases of parties; patterns
of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in electoral behaviour; changing
socio- economic profile of Legislators.
11. Social Movements: Civil liberties
and human rights movements; women’s movements; environmentalist movements.
Paper– II
Comparative Politics and
International Relations
1. Comparative Politics: Nature and
major approaches; political economy and political sociology perspectives;
limitations of the comparative method.
2. State in comparative
perspective: Characteristics and changing nature of the State in capitalist and
socialist economies, and, advanced industrial and developing societies.
3. Politics of Representation and
Participation: Political parties, pressure groups and social movements in
advanced industrial and developing societies.
4. Globalisation: Responses from
developed and developing societies.
5. Approaches to the Study of
International Relations: Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist and Systems
theory.
6. Key concepts in International
Relations: National interest, Security and power; Balance of power and
deterrence; Transnational actors and collective security; World capitalist
economy and globalisation.
7. Changing International
Political Order:
(a) Rise of super powers;
strategic and ideological Bipolarity, arms race and Cold War; nuclear threat;
(b) Non-aligned movement: Aims
and achievements;
(c) Collapse of the Soviet Union;
Unipolarity and American hegemony; relevance of non-alignment in the
contemporary world.
8. Evolution of the International
Economic System: From Brettonwoods to WTO; Socialist economies and the CMEA
(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance); Third World demand for new
international economic order; Globalisation of the world economy.
9. United Nations: Envisaged role
and actual record; specialized UN agencies-aims and functioning; need for UN
reforms.
10. Regionalisation of World
Politics: EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA.
11. Contemporary Global Concerns:
Democracy, human rights, environment, gender justice, terrorism, nuclear
proliferation.
India and the World:
1. Indian Foreign Policy:
Determinants of foreign policy; institutions of policy-making; continuity and
change.
2. India’s Contribution to the
Non-Alignment Movement: Different phases; current role.
3. India and South Asia:
(a) Regional Co-operation: SAARC
– past performance and future prospects.
(b) South Asia as a Free Trade
Area.
(c) India’s “Look East” policy.
(d) Impediments to regional
co-operation: river water disputes; illegal cross-border migration; ethnic
conflicts and insurgencies; border disputes.
conflicts and insurgencies; border disputes.
4. India and the Global South:
Relations with Africa and Latin America; leadership role in the demand for NIEO
and WTO negotiations.
5. India and the Global Centres
of Power: USA, EU, Japan, China and Russia.
6. India and the UN System: Role
in UN Peace-keeping; demand for Permanent Seat in the Security Council.
7. India and the Nuclear
Question: Changing perceptions and policy.
8. Recent developments in Indian
Foreign policy: India’s position on the recent crisis in Afghanistan, Iraq and
West Asia, growing relations with US and Israel; vision of a new world order.
Psychology [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
Foundations of Psychology
1. Introduction: Definition
of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st
century; Psychology and scientific methods; Psychology in relation to other social
sciences and natural sciences; Application of Psychology to societal problems.
2. Methods of Psychology: Types of
research: Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic and prognostic; Methods of
Research: Survey, observation, case-study and experiments; Characteristics of
experimental design and non-experimental de- sign, Quasi-experimental designs;
Focussed group discussions, brain storming, grounded theory approach.
3. Research Methods: Major steps
in Psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research
designs, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and
report writing) Fundamental versus applied research; Methods of data collection
(interview, observation, questionnaire); Research designs (ex-post facto and
experimental); Application of statistical technique (t - test, two way ANOVA
correlation, regression and factor analysis); Item response theory.
4. Development of Human
Behaviour: Growth and development; Principles of
development, Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human
behaviour; Influence of cultural factors in socialization; Life span
development - Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological
well-being across major stages of the life span.
5. Sensation, Attention and
Perception: Sensation: concepts of
threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal-detection and vigilance;
Factors influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus; Definition
and concept of perception, biological factors in perception; Perceptual
organization-influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factors
influencing space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual
readiness; The plasticity of perception; Extrasensory perception; Culture and
perception, Subliminal perception.
6. Learning: Concept
and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and Information
processing models); The Processes of extinction, discrimination and
generalization; Programmed learning, probability learning, self-instructional
learning, concepts; Types and the schedules of reinforcement, escape, avoidance
and punishment, modeling and social learning.
7. Memory: Encoding
and remembering; Short term memory, Long term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic
memory, Echoic memory: The Multistore model, levels of processing; Organization
and Mnemonic techniques to improve memory; Theories of forgetting: decay,
interference and retrieval failure: Metamemory; Amnesia: Anterograde and
retrograde.
8. Thinking and Problem Solving: Piaget’s
theory of cognitive development; Concept formation processes; Information
processing, Reasoning and problem solving, Facilitating and hindering factors
in problem solving, Methods of problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering
creativity; Factors influencing decision making and judgment; Recent trends.
9. Motivation and Emotion: Psychological
and physiological basis of motivation and emotion; Measurement of motivation
and emotion; Effects of motivation and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and
intrinsic motivation; Factors influencing intrinsic motivation; Emotional
competence and the related issues.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude: Concept of intelligence and
aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence - Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford
Vernon, Sternberg and J.P; Das; Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence,
measurement of intelligence and aptitudes, concept of IQ, deviation IQ,
constancy of IQ; Measurement of multiple intelligence; Fluid intelligence and
crystallized intelligence.
11. Personality: Definition
and concept of personality; Theories of personality (psychoanalytical,
sociocultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait
and type approaches); Measurement of personality (projective tests,
pencil-paper test); The Indian approach to personality; Training for
personality development; Latest approaches like big 5 factor theory; The notion
of self in different traditions.
12. Attitudes, Values and
Interests: Definition of attitudes, values and interests;
Components of attitudes; Formation and maintenance of attitudes; Measurement of
attitudes, values and interests; Theories of attitude change; Strategies for
fostering values; Formation of stereotypes and prejudices; Changing others
behaviour; Theories of attribution; Recent trends.
13. Language and Communication: Human
language - Properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language
acquisition- predisposition, critical period hypothesis; Theories of language
development - Skinner and Chomsky; Process and types of communication -
effective communication training.
14. Issues and Perspectives in
Modern Contemporary Psychology: Computer application in the
psychological laboratory and psychological testing; Artificial intelligence;
Psychocybernetics; Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams,
stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states; Extrasensory
perception; Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
Paper - II
Psychology: Issues and Applications
1. Psychological Measurement of
Individual Differences: The nature of
individual differences; Characteristics and construction of standardized
psychological tests; Types of psychological tests; Use, misuse and limitation
of psychological tests; hical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Psychological well being and
Mental Disorders: Concept of health-ill health; Positive health,
well being; Causal factors in mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood
disorders, schizophrenia and delusional disorders; personality disorders,
substance abuse disorders); Factors influencing positive health, well being,
life style and quality of life; Happiness disposition.
3. Therapeutic Approaches: Psychodynamic
therapies; Behaviour therapies; Client centered therapy; Cognitive therapies;
Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Meditation); Bio-feedback therapy; Prevention and
rehabilitation of the mentally ill; Fostering mental health.
4. Work Psychology and
Organisational Behaviour: Personnel selection and
training; Use of psychological tests in the industry; Training and human
resource development; Theories of work motivation – Herzberg, Maslow, Adam
Equity theory, Porter and Lawler, Vroom; Leadership and participatory
management; Advertising and marketing; Stress and its management; Ergonomics;
consumer psychology; Managerial effectiveness; Transformational leadership;
Sensitivity training; Power and politics in organizations.
5. Application of Psychology to
Educational Field: Psychological principles underlying effective
teaching-learning process; Learning styles; Gifted, retarded, learning disabled
and their training; Training for improving memory and better academic
achievement; Personality development and value education, Educational,
vocational guidance and career counseling; Use of psychological tests in
educational institutions; Effective strategies in guidance programmes.
6. Community Psychology: Definition and concept of
community psychology; Use of small groups in social action; Arousing community
consciousness and action for handling social problems; Group decision
making and leadership for social change; Effective strategies for social
change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology: Primary,
secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists; Organising
of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged
persons including old persons, Rehabilitation of persons suffering from
substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviour; Rehabilitation of
victims of violence, Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims, the role of social
agencies.
8. Application of Psychology to
disadvantaged groups: The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation;
Social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and
deprived groups; Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards
development; Relative and prolonged deprivation.
9. Psychological problems of
social integration: The concept of social integration; The problem
of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice; Nature and manifestation
of prejudice between the in-group and out-group; Causal factors of social
conflicts and prejudices; Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts
and prejudices; Measures to achieve social integration.
10. Application of Psychology in Information
Technology and Mass Media: The present scenario of
information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists;
Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT
and mass media; Distance learning through IT and mass media; Entrepreneurship
through e-commerce; Multilevel marketing; Impact of TV and fostering value
through IT and mass media; Psychological consequences of recent
developments in Information Technology.
11. Psychology and Economic
development: Achievement motivation and economic
development; Characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour; Motivating and
training people for entrepreneurship and economic development; Consumer rights
and consumer awareness, Government policies for promotion of entrepreneurship
among youth including women entrepreneurs.
12. Application of psychology to
environment and related fields: Environmental
psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding; Population psychology:
psychological consequences of population explosion and high population density;
Motivating for small family norm; Impact of rapid scientific and technological
growth on degradation of environment.
13. Application of psychology in
other fields:
(a) Military Psychology Devising psychological tests for defence personnel for use in selection, Training, counseling; training psychologists to work with defence personnel in promoting positive health; Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology Psychological interventions in improving performance of athletes and sports. Persons participating in Individual and Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
(a) Military Psychology Devising psychological tests for defence personnel for use in selection, Training, counseling; training psychologists to work with defence personnel in promoting positive health; Human engineering in defence.
(b) Sports Psychology Psychological interventions in improving performance of athletes and sports. Persons participating in Individual and Team Games.
(c) Media influences on pro and antisocial behaviour.
(d) Psychology of terrorism.
14. Psychology of Gender: Issues of
discrimination, Management of diversity; Glass ceiling effect, Self fulfilling
prophesy, Women and Indian society.
Public Administration [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
Administrative Theory
1. Introduction: Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration;
Wilson’s vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its
present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges
of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and
application; New Public Management.
2. Administrative Thought: Scientific Management and
Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model –
its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary
Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions
of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory;
Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor).
3. Administrative Behaviour: Process and techniques of
decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories – content, process
and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
4. Organisations: Theories – systems, contingency; Structure and
forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and
Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships;
Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
5. Accountability and control: Concepts of accountability
and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration;
Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary
organizations; Civil society;Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social
audit.
6. Administrative Law: Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on
Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
7. Comparative Public Administration: Historical and sociological
factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in
different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration;
Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
8. Development Dynamics: Concept of development; Changing profile of
development administration; ‘Antidevelopment thesis’; Bureaucracy and
development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on
administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help
group movement.
9. Personnel Administration: Importance of human
resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position
classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service
conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of
conduct; Administrative ethics.
10. Public Policy: Models of policy-making and their critique;
Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring,
evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy
formulation.
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement: Organisation and methods,
Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology;
Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
12. Financial Administration: Monetary and fiscal
policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms;
Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.
Paper - II
Indian Administration
1. Evolution of Indian Administration: Kautilya’s Arthashastra;
Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration -
Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district
administration, local self-government.
2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government: Salient features and value
premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy;
Bureaucracy and development.
3. Public Sector Undertakings: Public sector in modern
India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy,
accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.
4. Union Government and Administration: Executive, Parliament,
Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intra
governmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central
Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices;
Field organizations.
5. Plans and Priorities: Machinery of planning; Role, composition and
functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council;
‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels;
Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic
development and social justice.
6. State Government and Administration: Union-State administrative,
legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission;
Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State
Secretariat; Directorates.
7. District Administration since Independence: Changing role of the
Collector; Unionstate- local relations; Imperatives of development management
and law and order administration; District administration and democratic
decentralization.
8. Civil Services: Constitutional position; Structure,
recruitment, training and capacity-building; Good governance initiatives; Code
of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance
redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.
9. Financial Management: Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary
control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal
area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts
and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence: Major concerns; Important
Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource
development; Problems of implementation.
11. Rural Development: Institutions and agencies since independence;
Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and
Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
12. Urban Local Government: Municipal governance: main
features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment;
Globallocal debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and
administration with special reference to city management.
13. Law and Order Administration: British legacy; National
Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies
including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering
insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration;
Police- public relations; Reforms in Police.
14. Significant issues in Indian Administration: Values in public service;
Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of
administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface;
Corruption and administration; Disaster management.
Sociology [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
Fundamentals of Sociology
1. Sociology - The Discipline:
(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
(b) Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
(c) Sociology and common sense.
(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
(b) Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
(c) Sociology and common sense.
2. Sociology as Science:
(a) Science, scientific method and critique.
(b) Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
(c) Positivism and its critique.
(d) Fact value and objectivity.
(e) Non- positivist methodologies.
(a) Science, scientific method and critique.
(b) Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
(c) Positivism and its critique.
(d) Fact value and objectivity.
(e) Non- positivist methodologies.
3. Research Methods and Analysis:
(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.
(b) Techniques of data collection.
(c) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.
(b) Techniques of data collection.
(c) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
4. Sociological Thinkers:
(a) Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
(b) Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
(c) Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
(d) Talcolt Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
(e) Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
(f) Mead - Self and identity.
(a) Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
(b) Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
(c) Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
(d) Talcolt Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
(e) Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
(f) Mead - Self and identity.
5. Stratification and Mobility:
(a) Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
(b) Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
(c) Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
(d) Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
(a) Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
(b) Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
(c) Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
(d) Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
6. Works and Economic Life:
(a) Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b) Formal and informal organization of work.
(c) Labour and society.
(a) Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b) Formal and informal organization of work.
(c) Labour and society.
7. Politics and Society:
(a) Sociological theories of power.
(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
(a) Sociological theories of power.
(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
8. Religion and Society:
(a) Sociological theories of religion.
(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
(a) Sociological theories of religion.
(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
9. Systems of Kinship:
(a) Family, household, marriage.
(b) Types and forms of family.
(c) Lineage and descent.
(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
(e) Contemporary trends.
(a) Family, household, marriage.
(b) Types and forms of family.
(c) Lineage and descent.
(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
(e) Contemporary trends.
10. Social Change in Modern Society:
(a) Sociological theories of social change.
(b) Development and dependency.
(c) Agents of social change.
(d) Education and social change.
(e) Science, technology and social change.
(a) Sociological theories of social change.
(b) Development and dependency.
(c) Agents of social change.
(d) Education and social change.
(e) Science, technology and social change.
Paper - II
Indian Society: Structure and Change
A. Introducing Indian Society:
(i) Perspectives on the study of
Indian society:
(a) Indology (GS. Ghurye).
(b) Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
(c) Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
(a) Indology (GS. Ghurye).
(b) Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
(c) Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
(ii) Impact of colonial rule on
Indian society:
(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.
(b) Modernization of Indian tradition.
(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period.
(d) Social reforms.
(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.
(b) Modernization of Indian tradition.
(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period.
(d) Social reforms.
B. Social Structure:
(i) Rural and Agrarian Social
Structure:
(a) The idea of Indian village and village studies.
(b) Agrarian social structure - evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
(a) The idea of Indian village and village studies.
(b) Agrarian social structure - evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
(ii) Caste System:
(a) Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
(b) Features of caste system.
(c) Untouchability - forms and perspectives.
(a) Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
(b) Features of caste system.
(c) Untouchability - forms and perspectives.
(iii) Tribal communities in
India:
(a) Definitional problems.
(b) Geographical spread.
(c) Colonial policies and tribes.
(d) Issues of integration and autonomy.
(a) Definitional problems.
(b) Geographical spread.
(c) Colonial policies and tribes.
(d) Issues of integration and autonomy.
(iv) Social Classes in India:
(a) Agrarian class structure.
(b) Industrial class structure.
(c) Middle classes in India.
(a) Agrarian class structure.
(b) Industrial class structure.
(c) Middle classes in India.
(v) Systems of Kinship in India:
(a) Lineage and descent in India.
(b) Types of kinship systems.
(c) Family and marriage in India.
(d) Household dimensions of the family.
(e) Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
(a) Lineage and descent in India.
(b) Types of kinship systems.
(c) Family and marriage in India.
(d) Household dimensions of the family.
(e) Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.
(vi) Religion and Society:
(a) Religious communities in India.
(b) Problems of religious minorities.
(a) Religious communities in India.
(b) Problems of religious minorities.
C. Social Changes in India:
(i) Visions of Social Change in
India:
(a) Idea of development planning and mixed economy.
(b) Constitution, law and social change.
(c) Education and social change.
(a) Idea of development planning and mixed economy.
(b) Constitution, law and social change.
(c) Education and social change.
(ii) Rural and Agrarian
transformation in India:
(a) Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.
(b) Green revolution and social change.
(c) Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture .
(d) Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
(a) Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.
(b) Green revolution and social change.
(c) Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture .
(d) Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.
(iii) Industrialization and
Urbanisation in India:
(a) Evolution of modern industry in India.
(b) Growth of urban settlements in India.
(c) Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
(d) Informal sector, child labour.
(e) Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
(a) Evolution of modern industry in India.
(b) Growth of urban settlements in India.
(c) Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
(d) Informal sector, child labour.
(e) Slums and deprivation in urban areas.
(iv) Politics and Society:
(a) Nation, democracy and citizenship.
(b) Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite.
(c) Regionalism and decentralization of power.
(d) Secularization
(a) Nation, democracy and citizenship.
(b) Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite.
(c) Regionalism and decentralization of power.
(d) Secularization
(v) Social Movements in Modern
India:
(a) Peasants and farmers movements.
(b) Women’s movement.
(c) Backward classes & Dalit movement.
(d) Environmental movements.
(e) Ethnicity and Identity movements.
(a) Peasants and farmers movements.
(b) Women’s movement.
(c) Backward classes & Dalit movement.
(d) Environmental movements.
(e) Ethnicity and Identity movements.
(vi) Population Dynamics:
(a) Population size, growth, composition and distribution.
(b) Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
(c) Population policy and family planning.
(d) Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.
(a) Population size, growth, composition and distribution.
(b) Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
(c) Population policy and family planning.
(d) Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.
(vii) Challenges of Social
Transformation:
(a) Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability.
(b) Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
(c) Violence against women.
(d) Caste conflicts.
(e) Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
(f) Illiteracy and disparities in education.
(a) Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability.
(b) Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
(c) Violence against women.
(d) Caste conflicts.
(e) Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
(f) Illiteracy and disparities in education.
Zoology [UPSC Syllabus]
Paper - I
1. Non-chordata and Chordata:
(a) Classification and relationship of various phyla up to subclasses: Acoelomate and Coelomate, Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateria and Radiata; Status of Protista, Parazoa, Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.
(b) Protozoa: Locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, sex; General features and life history of Paramaecium, Monocystis, Plasmodium and Leishmania.
(c) Porifera: Skeleton, canal system and reproduction.
(d) Cnidaria: Polymorphism, defensive structures and their mechanism; coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis; general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.
(e) Platyhelminthes: Parasitic adaptation; general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their pathogenic symptoms.
(f) Nemathelminthes: General features, life history, parasitic adaptation of Ascaris and Wuchereria.
(g) Annelida: Coelom and metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes; general features and life history of Nereis, earthworm and leach.
(h) Arthropoda: Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea; vision and respiration in arthropods (Prawn, cockroach and scorpion); modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insect and its hormonal regulation, social behaviour of Apis and termites.
(i) Mollusca: Feeding, respiration, locomotion, general features and life history of Lamellidens, Pila and Sepia, torsion and detorsion in gastropods.
(j) Echinodermata: Feeding, respiration, locomotion, larval forms, general features and life history of Asterias.
(k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
(l) Pisces: Respiration, locomotion and migration.
(m) Amphibia: Origin of tetrapods, parental care, paedomorphosis.
(n) Reptilia: Origin of reptiles, skull types, status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.
(o) Aves: Origin of birds, flight adaptation, igration.
(p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.
(q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates (integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain and sense organs (eye and ear).
(a) Classification and relationship of various phyla up to subclasses: Acoelomate and Coelomate, Protostomes and Deuterostomes, Bilateria and Radiata; Status of Protista, Parazoa, Onychophora and Hemichordata; Symmetry.
(b) Protozoa: Locomotion, nutrition, reproduction, sex; General features and life history of Paramaecium, Monocystis, Plasmodium and Leishmania.
(c) Porifera: Skeleton, canal system and reproduction.
(d) Cnidaria: Polymorphism, defensive structures and their mechanism; coral reefs and their formation; metagenesis; general features and life history of Obelia and Aurelia.
(e) Platyhelminthes: Parasitic adaptation; general features and life history of Fasciola and Taenia and their pathogenic symptoms.
(f) Nemathelminthes: General features, life history, parasitic adaptation of Ascaris and Wuchereria.
(g) Annelida: Coelom and metamerism; modes of life in polychaetes; general features and life history of Nereis, earthworm and leach.
(h) Arthropoda: Larval forms and parasitism in Crustacea; vision and respiration in arthropods (Prawn, cockroach and scorpion); modification of mouth parts in insects (cockroach, mosquito, housefly, honey bee and butterfly); metamorphosis in insect and its hormonal regulation, social behaviour of Apis and termites.
(i) Mollusca: Feeding, respiration, locomotion, general features and life history of Lamellidens, Pila and Sepia, torsion and detorsion in gastropods.
(j) Echinodermata: Feeding, respiration, locomotion, larval forms, general features and life history of Asterias.
(k) Protochordata: Origin of chordates; general features and life history of Branchiostoma and Herdmania.
(l) Pisces: Respiration, locomotion and migration.
(m) Amphibia: Origin of tetrapods, parental care, paedomorphosis.
(n) Reptilia: Origin of reptiles, skull types, status of Sphenodon and crocodiles.
(o) Aves: Origin of birds, flight adaptation, igration.
(p) Mammalia: Origin of mammals, dentition, general features of egg laying mammals, pouched-mammals, aquatic mammals and primates, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) and their interrelationships.
(q) Comparative functional anatomy of various systems of vertebrates (integument and its derivatives, endoskeleton, locomotory organs, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system including heart and aortic arches, urino-genital system, brain and sense organs (eye and ear).
2. Ecology:
(a) Biosphere: Concept of biosphere; biomes, Biogeochemical cycles, Human induced changes in atmosphere including green house effect, ecological succession, biomes and ecotones, community ecology. (b) Concept of ecosystem; structure and function of ecosystem, types of ecosystem, ecological succession, ecological adaptation.
(c) Population; characteristics, population dynamics, population stabilization.
(d) Biodiversity and diversity conservation of natural resources.
(e) Wildlife of India.
(f) Remote sensing for sustainable development.
(g) Environmental biodegradation, pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.
(a) Biosphere: Concept of biosphere; biomes, Biogeochemical cycles, Human induced changes in atmosphere including green house effect, ecological succession, biomes and ecotones, community ecology. (b) Concept of ecosystem; structure and function of ecosystem, types of ecosystem, ecological succession, ecological adaptation.
(c) Population; characteristics, population dynamics, population stabilization.
(d) Biodiversity and diversity conservation of natural resources.
(e) Wildlife of India.
(f) Remote sensing for sustainable development.
(g) Environmental biodegradation, pollution and its impact on biosphere and its prevention.
3. Ethology:
(a) Behaviour: Sensory filtering, reponsive-ness, sign stimuli, learning and memory, instinct, habituation, conditioning, imprinting.
(b) Role of hormones in drive; role of pheromones in alarm spreading; crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics, social hierarchies in primates, social organization in insects.
(c) Orientation, navigation, homing, biological rhythms, biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.
(d) Methods of studying animal behaviour including sexual conflict, selfishness, kinship and altruism.
(a) Behaviour: Sensory filtering, reponsive-ness, sign stimuli, learning and memory, instinct, habituation, conditioning, imprinting.
(b) Role of hormones in drive; role of pheromones in alarm spreading; crypsis, predator detection, predator tactics, social hierarchies in primates, social organization in insects.
(c) Orientation, navigation, homing, biological rhythms, biological clock, tidal, seasonal and circadian rhythms.
(d) Methods of studying animal behaviour including sexual conflict, selfishness, kinship and altruism.
4. Economic Zoology:
(a) Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, carp culture, pearl culture, prawn culture, vermiculture.
(b) Major infectious and communicable diseases (malaria, filaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their vectors, pathogens and prevention.
(c) Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogen (helminthes) and vectors (ticks, mites, Tabanus, Stomoxys).
(d) Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella) oil seed (Achaea janata) and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).
(e) Transgenic animals.
(f) Medical biotechnology, human genetic disease and genetic counselling, gene therapy.
(g) Forensic biotechnology.
(a) Apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, carp culture, pearl culture, prawn culture, vermiculture.
(b) Major infectious and communicable diseases (malaria, filaria, tuberculosis, cholera and AIDS) their vectors, pathogens and prevention.
(c) Cattle and livestock diseases, their pathogen (helminthes) and vectors (ticks, mites, Tabanus, Stomoxys).
(d) Pests of sugar cane (Pyrilla perpusiella) oil seed (Achaea janata) and rice (Sitophilus oryzae).
(e) Transgenic animals.
(f) Medical biotechnology, human genetic disease and genetic counselling, gene therapy.
(g) Forensic biotechnology.
5. Biostatistics: Designing
of experiments; null hypothesis; correlation, regression, distribution and
measure of central tendency, chi-square, student-test, F-test (one-way &
two-way F-test).
6. Instrumentation Methods:
(a) Spectrophotometer, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, radioactive tracer, ultra centrifuge, gel electrophoresis, PCR, ELISA, FISH and chromosome painting.
(b) Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
(a) Spectrophotometer, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, radioactive tracer, ultra centrifuge, gel electrophoresis, PCR, ELISA, FISH and chromosome painting.
(b) Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM).
Paper - II
1. Cell Biology:
(a) Structure and function of cell and its organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and lysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mitotic spindle and mitotic apparatus, chromosome movements, chromosome type polytene and lambrush, organization of chromatin, heterochromatin, Cell cycle regulation.
(b) Nucleic acid topology, DNA motif, DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein foldings and transport.
(a) Structure and function of cell and its organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and lysosomes), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), mitotic spindle and mitotic apparatus, chromosome movements, chromosome type polytene and lambrush, organization of chromatin, heterochromatin, Cell cycle regulation.
(b) Nucleic acid topology, DNA motif, DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein foldings and transport.
2. Genetics:
(a) Modern concept of gene, split gene, genetic regulation, genetic code.
(b) Sex chromosomes and their evolution, sex determination in Drosophila and man.
(c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, multiple alleles, genetics of blood groups, pedigree analysis, hereditary diseases in man.
(d) Mutations and mutagenesis.
(e) Recombinant DNA technology; plasmid, cosmid, artificial chromosomes as vectors, transgenic, DNA cloning and whole animal cloning (principles and methods).
(f) Gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.
(h) RFLP, RAPD and AFLP and application of RFLP in DNA finger printing, ribozyme technologies, human genome project, genomics and protomics.
(a) Modern concept of gene, split gene, genetic regulation, genetic code.
(b) Sex chromosomes and their evolution, sex determination in Drosophila and man.
(c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance, recombination, linkage, multiple alleles, genetics of blood groups, pedigree analysis, hereditary diseases in man.
(d) Mutations and mutagenesis.
(e) Recombinant DNA technology; plasmid, cosmid, artificial chromosomes as vectors, transgenic, DNA cloning and whole animal cloning (principles and methods).
(f) Gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(g) Signal molecules, cell death, defects in signaling pathway and consequences.
(h) RFLP, RAPD and AFLP and application of RFLP in DNA finger printing, ribozyme technologies, human genome project, genomics and protomics.
3. Evolution:
(a) Theories of origin of life.
(b) Theories of evolution; Natural selection, role of mutations in evolution, evolutionary patterns, molecular drive, mimicry, variation, isolation and speciation.
(c) Evolution of horse, elephant and man using fossil data.
(d) Hardy-Weinberg Law.
(e) Continental drift and distribution of animals.
(a) Theories of origin of life.
(b) Theories of evolution; Natural selection, role of mutations in evolution, evolutionary patterns, molecular drive, mimicry, variation, isolation and speciation.
(c) Evolution of horse, elephant and man using fossil data.
(d) Hardy-Weinberg Law.
(e) Continental drift and distribution of animals.
4. Systematics: Zoological
nomenclature, international code, cladistics, molecular taxonomy and
biodiversity.
5. Biochemistry:
(a) Structure and role of carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, proteins and amino-acids, nucleic acids. Bioenergetics.
b) Glycolysis and Kreb cycle, oxidation and reduction, oxidative phosphorylation, energy conservation and release, ATP cycle, cyclic AMP – its structure and role.
(c) Hormone classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis and functions.
(d) Enzymes: types and mechanisms of action.
(e) Vitamins and co-enzymes
(f) Immunoglobulin and immunity.
(a) Structure and role of carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, proteins and amino-acids, nucleic acids. Bioenergetics.
b) Glycolysis and Kreb cycle, oxidation and reduction, oxidative phosphorylation, energy conservation and release, ATP cycle, cyclic AMP – its structure and role.
(c) Hormone classification (steroid and peptide hormones), biosynthesis and functions.
(d) Enzymes: types and mechanisms of action.
(e) Vitamins and co-enzymes
(f) Immunoglobulin and immunity.
6. Physiology (with special
reference to mammals):
(a) Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man, factors and mechanism of coagulation, iron metabolism, acid-base balance, thermo-regulation, anticoagulants.
(b) Haemoglobin: Composition, types and role in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(c) Digestion and absorption: Role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.
(d) Excretion: nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmo-regulation and excretory product
(e) Muscles: Types, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles, effects of exercise on muscles.
(f) Neuron: nerve impulse – its conduction and synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters.
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Physiology of reproduction, puberty and menopause in human.
(a) Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man, factors and mechanism of coagulation, iron metabolism, acid-base balance, thermo-regulation, anticoagulants.
(b) Haemoglobin: Composition, types and role in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(c) Digestion and absorption: Role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.
(d) Excretion: nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmo-regulation and excretory product
(e) Muscles: Types, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles, effects of exercise on muscles.
(f) Neuron: nerve impulse – its conduction and synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters.
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Physiology of reproduction, puberty and menopause in human.
7. Developmental Biology:
(a) Gametogenesis; spermatogenesis, composition of semen, in vitro and in vivo capacitation of mammalian sperm, Oogenesis, totipotency; fertilization, morphogenesis and morphogen, blastogenesis, establishment of body axes formation, fate map, gestulation in frog and chick; genes in development in chick, homeotic genes, development of eye and heart, placenta in mammals.
(b) Cell lineage, cell-to cell interaction, Genetic and induced teratogenesis, role of thyroxine in control of metamorphosis in amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging.
(c) Developmental genes in man, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, cloning.
(d) Stem cells: Sources, types and their use in human welfare.
(e) Biogenetic law. types and mechanisms of action.
(a) Gametogenesis; spermatogenesis, composition of semen, in vitro and in vivo capacitation of mammalian sperm, Oogenesis, totipotency; fertilization, morphogenesis and morphogen, blastogenesis, establishment of body axes formation, fate map, gestulation in frog and chick; genes in development in chick, homeotic genes, development of eye and heart, placenta in mammals.
(b) Cell lineage, cell-to cell interaction, Genetic and induced teratogenesis, role of thyroxine in control of metamorphosis in amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging.
(c) Developmental genes in man, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, cloning.
(d) Stem cells: Sources, types and their use in human welfare.
(e) Biogenetic law. types and mechanisms of action.
(e) Vitamins and co-enzymes
(f) Immunoglobulin and immunity.
(f) Immunoglobulin and immunity.
6. Physiology (with special
reference to mammals):
(a) Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man, factors and mechanism of coagulation, iron metabolism, acid-base balance, thermo-regulation, anticoagulants.
(b) Haemoglobin: Composition, types and role in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(c) Digestion and absorption: Role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.
(d) Excretion: nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmo-regulation and excretory product
(e) Muscles: Types, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles, effects of exercise on muscles.
(f) Neuron: nerve impulse – its conduction and synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters.
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Physiology of reproduction, puberty and menopause in human.
(a) Composition and constituents of blood; blood groups and Rh factor in man, factors and mechanism of coagulation, iron metabolism, acid-base balance, thermo-regulation, anticoagulants.
(b) Haemoglobin: Composition, types and role in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(c) Digestion and absorption: Role of salivary glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.
(d) Excretion: nephron and regulation of urine formation; osmo-regulation and excretory product
(e) Muscles: Types, mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscles, effects of exercise on muscles.
(f) Neuron: nerve impulse – its conduction and synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters.
(g) Vision, hearing and olfaction in man.
(h) Physiology of reproduction, puberty and menopause in human.
7. Developmental Biology:
(a) Gametogenesis; spermatogenesis, composition of semen, in vitro and in vivo capacitation of mammalian sperm, Oogenesis, totipotency; fertilization, morphogenesis and morphogen, blastogenesis, establishment of body axes formation, fate map, gestulation in frog and chick; genes in development in chick, homeotic genes, development of eye and heart, placenta in mammals.
(b) Cell lineage, cell-to cell interaction, Genetic and induced teratogenesis, role of thyroxine in control of metamorphosis in amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging.
(c) Developmental genes in man, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, cloning.
(d) Stem cells: Sources, types and their use in human welfare.
(e) Biogenetic law.
(a) Gametogenesis; spermatogenesis, composition of semen, in vitro and in vivo capacitation of mammalian sperm, Oogenesis, totipotency; fertilization, morphogenesis and morphogen, blastogenesis, establishment of body axes formation, fate map, gestulation in frog and chick; genes in development in chick, homeotic genes, development of eye and heart, placenta in mammals.
(b) Cell lineage, cell-to cell interaction, Genetic and induced teratogenesis, role of thyroxine in control of metamorphosis in amphibia, paedogenesis and neoteny, cell death, aging.
(c) Developmental genes in man, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, cloning.
(d) Stem cells: Sources, types and their use in human welfare.
(e) Biogenetic law.